Note 5
SHORT SCREENING TESTS. Part 2

011208

Two years ago I started reading Prof. Jaakko G. Borg's book:

"Drive Emotions and Color Preferences": Szondi´s Personality theory in the Year 2004". (For content see appendix)

In this book he describes the further development of his BEL (Borg-Ekman-Lüscher) color test. On page 88 of this book he states:

· "Be it further emphasized here that Lüscher´s test may be applied as hitherto, particularly in tandem with the BEL. His conclusion was that:

· "If Lüscher's eight color series is run twice, as he himself recommends, a summing of the results of the two runs will produce figures fully comparable with those from the BEL".

Reading this statement I became enthusiastic, as Borg´s studies in the year 2000 had already shown a correlation between Szondi's factors and Lüscher's colors. If these were correct it would mean that, in addition to the basic Lüscher interpretation, one could use much of the collected knowledge already presented by the SZONDI research. This meant thus an immense increase of potential valuable information, based on only10 minutes testing!

It looked moreover as if Borg´s BEL test without great theoretical problems might refer to Freud´s famous metaphor of "The Shattered Crystal Theory" (1915). In this way Lüscher's eight colors might be interpreted from the same outlook as the eight Szondi factors. These conclusions were especially interesting for me as this cast quite a new light on the Lüscher test. I had factually already at the end of the fifties already experimented with Lüscher's test. In these days I tested out several other color theories and tests.

One of them was presented in a book by the Dutch Psychology Professor: Dr. Joh. De Zeeuw, Staatsdrukkery, s'Gravenhage, 1957. His book was extremely well documented and presented not less than 28 detailed reference tables. As for the Lüscher test he was extremely critical. Likewise was his judgment about the Szondi test, to which he referred in the same negative way. However time and practice have shown that, notwithstanding his great knowledge of color psychology, he was not right in his conclusions neither about the Lüscher nor the Szondi test.

In this context it might also be interesting to get some historical reference of how I, in the beginning of the sixties, became in contact with Szondi. With Professor De Zeeuw negative conclusions in mind, I read an introduction to Szondi's ideas. My first impressions of Szondi´s writings were, quie in contrast to Prof. de Zeeuw´s judgment. Instead I became very positive and I bought all his standard works. Suddenly it seemed as if all my former and rather diffuse theoretical knowledge of depth psychology got a "flesh and blood" quality. Expressed in Buddhist terms I felt suddenly "enlightened"! Right from the start and up till this day, I became captured by Szondi´s genius.

True to my nature I therefore immediately started to translate Szondi´s basic ideas into Swedish. The result became a compendium of about 180 pages. Although I had at this time not yet any official degree, these pages became my introduction to be taken up in the higher Szondi circle. This was made possible by the introduction by Martin Achtnich, creator of the BBT vocational test, with whom I corresponded and who had become my friend. But also thanks to my long contact with Dr. Ewald Bohm, the well known Rorschach specialist, who personally introduced me to Szondi.

By this time I knew Bohm very well as I followed his courses when he visited Goteborg. Due to his courses I had become a specialist in his way of Rorschach interpretation which I used with great success. Moreover Bohm and I were very much on the same wavelength as we both enjoyed his Jewish humour, which had much in common with the mentality of the inhabitants of Amsterdam, my birthplace. (Before the world war Amsterdam had about 100.000 inhabitants who were of Jewish origin and who contributed much to shape of the typical "Amsterdammer" mentality, expressed by a mixture of Yiddish and Dutch. This kind of outlook on the world helped me mentally many times to survive in difficult situations!.)

Anyhow thanks to Achtnich and Bohm I had at last the honor to meet personally Szondi, as well as Prof. Jacques Schotte in Zürich. They accepted me in their circle as "The representative for Sweden". However whatever might have been the cause I still am very grateful for Szondi and Prof. Schotte´s positive attitude towards me, which contributed much to my further professional development and believe that I was on the right way.

· My work with the Szondi forum during the last fifteen years is my way to express my gratitude and admiration for these two intellectual Giants: Szondi and Prof. Jacques Schotte.

· The death of Prof. J. Schotte, last year, on 18/09/07 in his birthplace Gent was a great loss for the whole Szondi movement.

With this I finish my short historical retrospect and return again to the findings of Prof. Borg. In his book "Szondi's Personality Theory in the Year 2000" he described already how each Szondi factor had several basic qualities in common with the Lüscher colors. Therefore I publish herewith Borg´s own presentation of the interpretation of Lüscher´s colors. In interpreting colour choices Luscher's approach is as follows. However I gave you first herewith a key to understand someof some of the terms Borg and Lüscher used:

EXPLANATION INTERPRETATION:

1. Directive. CP (Centripetal, eccentric. Movement outward from the Self) or Receptive CF (Centrifugal. Movement toward the Self, the centre).
2. Autonomous, (Field independent. " A law onto one Self) or Heteronomous, (Field depending. Subject to Another’s law).
3. Major (Sexual Index, subjective experienced Masculinity) or Minor (Sexual Index, subjective experienced Femininity). This corresponds even with Major=general CP, directive) and Minor (CF= general receptive)
4. Another valuable factor one could find was Lüscher´s classification into either Integration (sociability) versus Differentiation. (k)
With these qualities in mind, and especially based on the interrrelation of the four basic colors, one can easily draw important conclusions, e.g. indicate to which of the following abovementioned classes the client belongs. But of course first one has to know the significance of the colours. (The notation Lü. indicates the numbering Luscher)

Phenomenal modes of experiencing colours:

Lü. 3. Red

As a colour experience red is inherently centrifugal. Luscher also characterises it as auotonome, independent, self-sufficient.

"Preference for red indicates a desire for activation in general, on the one hand in the erotic direction, but also, depending on the situation, in the direction of aggression." "A subject who is himself forceful, vital, energetic - has thus the self-confidence red presupposes - will incline to red; one who is weak and encounters something powerful will experience red as threatening," (Liischer 1974, 6).
Thus:
(+) = Attraction (Hinwendung); "A desire for experiences, a craving for stimuli" (Liischer 1974, 45); autonomy, centrifiigality.

(-) = Rejection (Gegenwendung); "Fear of excessive stimulation, excessive demands, exhaustion- (ibid., 45); contrary to the foregoing this is negation of centrifugality, -> centripetality. Autonomy is lacking and feared; hence a tendency to heterononry, especially if blue is placed first.

Lü. 4. Yellow

As a colour experience this is also centrifugal, possibly even more so than red, eratptil ,e. According to Liischer yellow is nevertheless heteronome, lacking in self-sufficiency, resorting outside itself. "Yellow is preferred by subjects who seek changed, liberating conditions in order to find outlet for built-up tensions in the desired way, to develop more happily. They desire liberation from burdens or detachment from some relationship which they find distressing in the dependency it entails." (ibid. p. 19).

Central here is on the one hand increased activation, but at the same time a growing tendency to seek outlet and release of tension in a search for the new.
Thus:
(+) = Hinwendung; "A craving for things distant for freedom, flight from problems"; centriftugality, heteronomy.
(-) = Gegenwendung; "Fear of openness, of loss and defeat, fear of change. " (ibid, p. 45). Centripetality and rejection of heteronomy.


Lii. 2. Green
As a colour experience this is centripetal and autonome.
(+) = Hinwendung; "A need for independence and recognition" (Lüscher 1974, 45). The subject seeks to barricade himself within his own self - in other words, centripetality and autonomy in a full sense.

(-) = Gegenwendung; "Fear of confinement and dependency, fear of situations of compulsion. " Ibid. p. 45; opposite to the forelgoing: centrifigality, especially if red or yellow is placed first.

Lü 1. Blue

As a colour experience centripetal, if possible even more so than green; blue is relaxing, soothing, tending to surrender. According to Luscher blue is heteronome, i.e. non -independent, non-self-sufficient. This is understandable in the light of Luscher ''s association of preference for blue with dependency, desire for close relationships - i.e. heteronomy. Preference for blue evinces in all essentials the opposite of the inclination to red - an overall desire for tranquility.

As it is generally observed (Borg 1988 and numerous other studies) that blue is a women 's preference, this can hardly be taken to entail a dimension of"cold blue - warm red " - women are certainly not inherently cold.

The explanation for the phenomenon lies in all likelihood primarily in the fact that minor-tonality individuals seek personal feedback - even to the point of dependency; they are in other words heteronome, whereas the major tonality is linked to centrifugality and autonomy, usually choosing red.
Thus:
(+) = Hinwendt4ng; "A need for peace and relaxation." Centripetality and heteronomy.
(-) = Gegenwendaing; "A stimulus vacuum, fear oflack and non -satisfaction" (ibid. p. 45); that is, centrifiigalitv.

Lü 5. Violet

According to Lüscher this colour is characterised by mutually exclusive opposites - in the fusion which produces it red is active and exciting, blue tranquillizing - a 'coincidentia oppositorum' (Cacsantzs). Binding here consists in an intense desire to merge - object identification.

Preference for violet has been held to evince a desire for magical identification - Levy-Briihl s participation mystique (Lüscher 1974, 11). In this colour centrifugal and centripetal so tend to cancel each other out that in appropriate proportions these oscillate, rendering it conflicting, ambivalent in tendency. If red is the stronger element the propensities of red will dominate -i.e. centrifugcrlity; if blue, the centripetality of that colour will prevail.
Thus. -

(+) = Hinwendung; "If in the Lüscher test violet is placed first, this will invariably evince “faszinierte Intresse” and a need for sensitive identification. This, however, is of a completely different kind according as second place is assigned to drive -like sexual red or sensitive tranquil blue, ecstatic enthusiasm with all its possibilities for sensitivity " (ibid. p.12).

(-) = Gegenwendung; "A subject, again, who rejects violet fears loss of independence in sensitive erotic surrender, fear of having to pay as price his own fearful egocentric self hood " (ibid. p. 13).
"Our culture leaves little space for violet - for sensitive identification" (ibid. p. 13).

It should be observed that although violet involves a merging of opposites it remains nonetheless inwardly conflicting, even in choate - or rather civilized man experiences it as such.

Lü. 6. Brown

"Brown is a darkened orange, obtained when this is tinged for example with black. In the process the vitality of red is extinguished, suppressed, or "broken", as a painter might say. Brown has lost the active, expansive impulse, the forcefulness of red. What is left is vitality no longer actively assertive but passively receptive - brown thus represents a vital physical-sensual emotion, the drive-like nature of Id determination. Hence preference for, indifference to or rejection of brown evinces the subject's attitudes to his own physicality. A subject who rejects brown as unpleasant is denying the vital state of his own body (ibid. p. 21)."

This latter comment applies particularly to women; those who reject brown wish to be accepted as something other than bodily beings. Rejection of brown is constantly observed especially in female subjects (Borg 1988, e.g. p. 106 and p. 155).

Orange is a centrifugal colour, and, depending on the amount of black used in darkening, its effect will, as already noted, be offset and its centrifugality diminished, approaching centripetality until, via an ambivalent state, inhibition sets in as black predominates. According to the proportions fused, then, brown involves a struggle for balance between centrifugulity and centripetality/ inhibition.

(+) = Hinwendung; "Subjects who find themselves in an apparently inescapable conflict firequently prefer brown, a subdued, dull colour. They no longer wish to deliberate, they shun reason and rational lucidity out of fear that they can no longer bear the life they are living. In suppressing reason they seek the refuge of a primitive drive state" (ibid. p. 22). Here binding via suppression: one is prompted to ask whether the brown uniform of the German SA troops was not a coincidence.

(-) = Gegenwendung; "Subjects who reject brown seek thereby to raise themselves above the drive-like instincts of the masses and gain attention as individual personalities" (ibid. p. 22): brown moves to last placing.
Lu. (0) Grey

"The medium grey is not a colour; neither light nor dark. It is completely devoid of stimulus and free of all psychic tendencies" (ibid. p. 23). Grey evinces a “ lime “ of experience, an extremity.
Thus:

(+) = Hinwendung; "A test subject who chooses grey - that limit - does not wish to be known, isolates himself from all influences in order to attain a stimulus -free state" (ibid. p. 23).
Neutral grey is neither centrifugal nor centripetal, likewise neither autonome nor heteronome.
(-) = Gegenwendung; "A subject who shuns grey activates himself out of readiness for stimulus and is distressed to be left unsatisfied (Ger: “zu Kurz kommen”). He desires to draw upon all possibilities to attain this goal and thus to achieve freedom from a stimulus -free state."Lüscher (ibid. p. 23).

Lü. 7. Black

"Black constitutes denial, the boundary at which the diversity of life ends. Black thus manifests the notion of nothingness -('das Nichts") non-being in relinquishment, as death, denial in defiant protest" (ibid. p. 25). "Black evinces the damming up of impulses, defense against them, rejection" (ibid, p. 26). Preference for black does indeed indicate autonomy, although excesses in a pathological direction. (Destructive agression SCH K-!!!)

(+) = Hinwendung; "A subject who places black first is rising in defiant protest against his fate" (ibid. p. 26).

(-) = Gegenwending - does not wish to give up. Relinquishment means to him lack and distressing deficiency. A subject who finds black unpleasant - statistically the most common observation - finds it so difficult to give up in anything that he runs the danger of imposing authoritarian, inordinate demands (ibid. p.26).

Moreover Borg refers describes, in his 2004 book, how he applied the Lüscher interpretation in the depth psychological way when he writes:

· "The symptom is an expression of a repressed drive" by using fruitfully the selected first color as the "Symptom" (Compensation), in contrast to the selected most negative color (Actual Problem), which Borg theoretically interpreted as the "Repressed energy".

My own practical experience points out that Borg´s conclusions are correct and that his BEL approach really gives a surprising extra amount of diagnostically information in only a few minutes.

· This is also to a high degree due to Lüscher's (practical) way of using a Cube model. By which he figuratively presents an overview of the dialectics of the client’s 4 basic colors selection. By his cube model one can immediately see the color's Foreground (FGP, first positive position) in its relation to the selected Theoretical background profile (THP,). Lüscher based his psychotherapeutic conclusions on the dialectics of these two findings.
For instance when the selection of Position one was Red and the last (negative) position Blue, his therapeutic suggestion (goal) was then to try to turn around the positions and make the activation of the THP (Blue/red) qualities the goal of the therapeutic efforts in order to arrive at a better inner balance.

· When applying Borg’s conclusions to the color test, one rather easily can discover a correspondence between the Szondi C Vector and Sch vector with some standard color selections. Which means that, even with the BEL colour test, one can point out the potential crack in the clients personality, e.g. Manic-Depressive; Obsessional – Psychotic. Something which might give in a very short time much general background information about the client’s personality make-up.

Well I hope this information showed you why I considered Borg´s conclusions of such great practical value for the interpretation of the original Lüscher test. I can certainly recommend that you study Borg's two books.

In case you live far away from Europe and have difficulties to get Borg´s 2004 book you can contact me. I might send you some extracts of his book. Note: However such a transfer may not be copied or multiplied but must be treated as a library loan.

OBS: We would point out that, although at first sight the Colour test looks quite the same as Rolf Kenmo´s Human Guide test, This is practically NOT the case. Kenmo uses colours as symbols and not as psychological entities. Moreover his contributions worked out the inter-action aspects of Szondi factor application in a much more and higher differentiated way.

INDEX and FOREWORD to Borg’s Book 2004
Contents

Foreword ...................................................................................................................................... 7
1. Introduction to the 2004 volume ........................................................................................ .........9
1.1. Some of the most recent results in Szondi research at the turn of the millennium......................... 9
1.1.1. Appraisal of the genetic background to Szondi's theory ................... 9
1.1.2. Incrementation of the systematicity of Szondi's theory..................... 10
1.1.3. Conceptualisation of bisexuality....................................................... ."" 10
1.1 .4. Six criteria definina a drive ................................................................................................. 11
1.1.5. On representations of the drives ............................................................. .............................11
1.1.6. Emotional representations ................................................................................................... 12
1.1.7. The modernised scoring system .......................................................................................... 12
1.1.8. The essential Szondi test variables in modernised scoring ..................................................... 14
1.1.9. Updated drive scheme analysis ........................................................................................... 16
1.1.10. The drive scheme analysis and the Hinteroanger ................................................................ 17
1.1.11. New aspects of the sexual and social indices ..................................................................... 17
1.1.12. Additional precision in norms of indices ..........................
2. Adequate coefficients for the validity and reliability of the Szondi test ......................................... 19
2.1. Validity................................................................................................................................. 19
2.1.1 The validity of the sexual index ............................................................................................ 20
2.1.2. The validity of the social index .......................................................................................... 22
2.2. On the peculiar nature of the validity of projective tests ........................................................ 26
2.3. Reliability ............................................................................................................................ 29
2.3.1. The reliability of the sexual and social indices ..................................................................... 32
2.3.2. Drive class reliability ......................................................................................................... 34
2.3.3. Additional remarks: split-half reliability determined by the Cronbach alpha coefficient ......... 34
2.4. Szondi - "the stone the builders rejected .............................................................................. 38
3. Expressions of drives ............................................................................................................. 40
3.1. Representations .................................................................................................................. 40
3.2. Centrifugality and centripetality in the Szondi drive factors ................................................... 42
3.2.1. Centrifugality - centripetality and autonomy - heteronomy signs in handwriting-, a draft ..... 44
3.3. Szondi's drive emotion theory............................................................................................. 44
3.3.1. Model for the drive emotion theory ................................................................................ .45
3.4. Szondi's theory of aggressions and emotions of aggression ............................................... V57
3.5. The functions of the emotions as correlates of the drives; polarity and regulation................... 64
4. Experimental determination of emotional representations of drives ......................................... 67
4.1. The BEL colour test.......................................................................................................... 67
4.2. Structure and application of the BEL test .......................................................................... 68
Instruction .............................................................................................................................. 69
4.3. Principles of colour interpretation: Luscher ....................................................................... 71
4.4. Phenomenal modes of experiencing colours ..................................................................... 74
4.5. Polarity and regulation with emotional representations....................................................... 79
4.6. Binding by colour-stimulated emotions............................................................................. 80
4.7. Calculation of colour test results: inhibition coefficient and functional polarity 83
4.7.1. An application of Liischer's cube model ...................................................................... 86
4.8. Centrifugal-centripetal and autonomy-heteronomy polarity in colours .............................. 89
5. Drive scheme analysis ........................................................................................................ 90
5.1. Drive scheme: functional and drive polarity..................................................................... 90
5.2. Polarity hypotheses: bridges between Szondi test and colour test ................................... 91
5.2.1. Polarity hypothesis I: functional polarity .................................................................... 97
5.2.2. Polarity hypothesis 11: dominance polarity ............................................................... 95
6. Connections between the personality theories of Jung, Szondi and Eysenck ....99 6.1.
Extraversion - introversion 99
6.2. Neuroticism, Szondi test and colour preferences ....................................................... 100
7. Emotional representations of Szondi drive classes evoked by colours .............................. 102
7.1. Persons ofthe Cm, manic class .................................................................................. 105
7.1.1. Cm+ class subjects: craving for approval ................................................................... 105
7.1.2. Cm- class: experience everything as separate from self ........................................... 110
7.2. Cd: Persons dominated by latent value-seeking .................................................... 113
7.2.1. Cd+ class subjects: eternal seekers and faithless ........................................................ 113
7.2.2. Cd- class subjects cling to the past, faithful
"ever-clinging" object fidelity 115
7.3. SCHp: The class of latent ego-expanders................................................................ 119
7.3.1. SCHp- class subjects: expand the self by means of identification
with 'leaders' and ideologies 120
7.3.2. SCHp+ class subjects: expand the self by reduplication, seek to be all in all...............122
7.3.3. Inflation neurosis ............................................................................................................. 126
7.4. The SCHk: The class of latent ego-contracters....................................................... 131
7.4.1. SCHk+ class subjects restrict the self by object choice yet seek to........................... 131
7.4.2. SCHk- class subjects restrict the self by negation, realists - ultimately denying all.......133
7.5. Phy: "The class of latent exhibitionists.......................................................................... 137
7.5.1. Phy+class subjects: self-flaunting, shameless ............................................................ 137
7.5.2. Phy- class subjects concealing - also from self; sense of shame ............................. 138
7.6. Pe: The class of latent Cainites - die Kainnaturen ........................................................ 142
7.6.1. Pe+. Purists and moralists - self-cleansers..................................................................... 142
7.6.2. Pe- class subjects: evil-doers and evil-wishers, the Cain type .................................. 142
7.7. Ss: The class of sadists and masochists.............................................. ........................ 147
7.7.1. Ss+ class subjects: active, intensive - aggressive - sadistic........................................ 147
7.7.2. Ss-: "dominance of devotion, sacrifice and passivity................................................. 149
7.8. Sh: The class of those deprived of love (Zukurz gekommenen) The class of latent bisexuals.............. 152
7.8.1. Sh+ class subjects: crave sensual tenderness, touch................................................ 152
7.8.2. Sh- class subjects: seek universal, non-sensual, humane, altruistic love.. ...................157
8. The validity and reliability of colour tests....................................................................... 161
8.1. Colour test reliability................................................................................................. 161
8.2. Colour test validity .................................................................................................. .162
9. Construction of interpretations............................................................ ......................... 164
9.1. Interpretive phase I and II......................................................................................... 164
9.2. Interpretive phase III................................................................................................. 165
10. Discussion of results .................................................................................................. 166
10.1. Drive class polarity and neuroticism........................................................................... 166
10.2. Sex and gender ......................................................................................................... 167
10.3. Sex, gender and stress................................................................................................170
10.4. Sex, gender and aggressivity...................................................................................... 172
10.5. Szondi's tropistic theory..............................................................................................173
10.6. The emotional representations of drives .....................................................................174
Appendices...................................................................................................................... 179
Appendix L...................................................................................................................... 181
Appendix II .....................................................................................................................187
Appendix III ................................................................................................................... 196
Appendix IV.....................................................................................................................205
References .......................................................................................................................211
Summaries for the volume 2004 ....................................................................................... 217
Zusammenfassung.............................................................................................................219
Resume............................................................................................................................221
Finnish summary.............................................................................................................. 223

First edition published 2004 by Pilot-kustannus Oy Second dition published by Pilot-kustannus Oy 2005 Vainamoisenkatu 11-13 Tampere / Finland Cover by Risto Penttinen.

FOREWORD by Prof. Borg:

It looked for a long time as if my first book, that on Szondi’s personality theory from the year 2000, and this present volume of 2004, were “Siamese twins”, impossible to separate. Early in 2000, however, I came upon a means of overcoming the pro blems this involved; a new drive scheme analysis which opened the way to an assessment of the validity of the Szondi test and a great deal more besides.

It was thus possible after all to separate the pair, each volume becoming a self sufficient entity. The matter was clinched at the close of 2000 – when Book I had already gone to print –with the solution to the further problem of how to establish the reliability of the Szondi test. The values obtained were close to those predicted in Book I (p. 221) on the basis of the validity coefficient. This is indeed a find of ,:onsequence, a matter not hitherto amenable to calculation, and I hasten to present it here. All in all this advance confirms the place of the Szondi test among the elite of projective tests, sets it up even as a model; it furnishes a good parameter for the problems encountered in other such tests. The second main concern in Book II is a presentation of the BEL (Borg – Ekman – Luscher) colour test, specification of the emotional representations of the drive classes by means of it, and the overall question of the viability of this test. The BEL test may of course be undertaken separate from the Szondi; nonetheless a means of bridging results between the two has now ! ‘004) been found. Applying the BEL and Szondi in tandem a three –dimensional description may be obtained which is in a sense a ‘hologram’, a projection of the personality in toto.

For the sake of brevity references to the earlier volume will be designated simply ‘U00, with the appropriate page or other locus, the second volume correspondingly “UO4 with detailed reference.

That much of the twin nature of the two books nevertheless remains that the second ~olume is in fact not to be properly understood without some acquaintance with :z> predecessor. It may thus be well to offer here a brief resume of Book I, concise : nouah to refresh the memory of readers familiar with it and to constitute an impulse .o those who have not read it.

7

Once more it behoves me to express my gratitude to the many who have had a part in the project. My wife Tuomi Borg has continued to act as my faithful secretary; my mentor in computer work and figure-drawing here as in the earlier enterprise is Timo Varonen, M.Sc. (Econ.), and I am indebted to Matti Ylen, B. Soc. For consultations on statistical matters. Accommodating as hitherto to my preferences is my translator Robert MacGilleon, M.A., whom I once more thank for useful consultations and inspiring talks. Harald Arnkill, lecturer at the Helsinki School of Industrial Art, has advised me on matters of colour theory. Talks with him and above all the subsequent contact with the Scandinavian Colour Institute AB in Stockholm have proved most fruitful. The BEL col ur test rests more or less directly on the natural colour system (NCS) developed there; I found the NCS range to be the best suited for my purpose – to find the richest, purest and equally bright representatives of each colour category for my test. The Co lour Institute has supported my work in the form of consultations and, placed at my disposal free of charge, colour material for the BEL test; I take this opportunity of expressing my gratitude.

The Szondi Institute has once more kindly granted financial s upport, this time 5000 Sfr. For my enterprise.

As is usually the case, implementation of the empirical aspect has proved inordinately time –and energy-consuming – indeed to such a degree that the intended final chapter on theoretical and metapsychological considerations – above all the question ‘What is fate’, must once more be postponed – for all that the temptation to a philosophical mode of thought has throughout the empirical phase constantly made itself felt. A third volume on Szondi’s personality theory will thus be necessary, and awaits its turn.

Palkane, Iltasmaki 1.1. 2004 Jaakko Gabriel Borg